Chapters 29, 30 cont. Phylum Chrysophyta-Ciliophora

E) Phylum Chrysophyta:

1) Diatoms and Golden Algae- both have chloroplasts
2) Both diatoms and golden algae have chrysolaminarin- a carbohydrate that yields glucose that other organisms use for food
3) Fresh and marine water
4) Unicellular
5) Golden algae: yellow/brown carotenoid, xanthophyll pigment- fights oxidative DNA damage.
6) Diatoms: double shelled, remember the pillbox shape, made out of silica; chlorophylls a and c, and carotenoids
7) Reproduction: asexually and under extreme conditions, sexually.

Lab Examples: Diatom: bilateral (pinnate, 2 sided) and radial (centric, like a wheel).
(See page 574-575 in book)

Remember: “Chrysophyta” looks like the word “Crystals” = Diatoms made of glass, or Diatoms sounds like diamonds

F) Phylum Pyrrhophyta:
(formerly dinoflegellata, still commonly known as dinoflagellates)

1) Fresh and marine water (some phosphorescent)
2) Unicellular
3) Two flagella perpendicular to each other
–Looks like they’re armor-plated, see page 569, Figure 29.11
4) Most have chlorophylls a and c
5) Primary food source in warmer oceans
6) Red tides- produces toxin
7) Reproduction: Longitudinal cell division and some sexual reproduction under extreme conditions.
-Remember longitudinal means long ways up and down, and transverse means short ways across.

Lab Examples: Peridinium and Ceratium

Remember: “Pyrrhophyta” looks like the word “Pyro” = Red tides of fiery poison

G) Phylum Euglenophyta:

1) Euglenoids
2) Fresh water only
3) 1/3 have chloroplasts and are autotrophic (these are the individuals we saw in lab)
4) 2/3 have no chloroplasts and are heterotrophic (includes saprophytic)
5) All are unicellular
6) No cell wall, has a pellicle, crosshatches of protein, flexible for movement (just like the Paramecium)
7) Eyespot/Stigma: detects light, which the organism needs to find to undergo photosynthesis

Lab Example: Euglena
(See page 567, Figure 29.8)


*Protozoan and Molds


A) Phylum Rhizopoda:

1) Amoebas
2) Found in fresh and salt water, and in soil
3) Reproduction by fission (no sexuality)
4) Unicellular
5) No cell wall, no flagella
6) Movement by extension of cytoplasm
-Pseudopod (plural pseudopodia) “fake foot”
(See page 576, Figure 29.25)
7) Heterotrophic (eats by phagocytosis, whereby it engulfs its meal, and drinks by pinocytosis where it engulfs fluids)

Lab Examples: Entamoeba histolytica (causes amoebic dysentery); Difflugia and Arcello.

Remember: “Rhizopoda” has “podia” = feet = strange movement via pseudopodia

B) Phylum Foraminifera:

1) Commonly known as Forams
2) Marine only, found on ocean floors (look like seashells)
-incredible numbers
-Egyptian pyramids and white cliffs of Dover are built of foraminiferan limestone.
3) Reproduction: alternation of generations
4) Unicellular
5) No cell wall or flagella
6) Pore-studded shells called tests
-Projection called podia (or poda) “feet”, thin streams of cytoplasm
-Podia extends out of pores
-Used for swimming, grabbing particles for eating or attachment

Remember: “Foraminifera” contains the word “Mini” = Mini seashells

C) Phylum Sarcomastigophora:

1) Commonly known as zoomastigotes (animal-like)
2) Unicellular
3) Heterotrophic
4) Have at least 1 flagellum
5) Free living and parasitic forms
6) Reproduction: Majority reproduce asexually

Lab Example: Trypanosoma- responsible for African Sleeping Sickness, the vector for this illness is the tsetse fly.

Remember: “Sarcomastigophora” contains the word “Sarcoma” = malignant = parasitic disease African Sleeping Sickness

D) Phylum Ciliophora:

1) Ciliates
2) Unicellular, have pellicle (just like Euglena)
3) Heterotrophic
4) Have a large number of cilia
-Cilium (singular)- a short, cellular projection, much like a shorter, thicker flagellum)
5) Reproduction: Paramecium Example:
-Asexual: By transverse fission, for 500-600 generations until the genetic material is worn out. Then it reverts to:
-Sexual: By conjugation. They are easy prey when conjugating, which can take up to several hours.
-All ciliates have a macronucleus for physiological functions and a micronucleus for sexual reproduction. It is important to know the difference for the test (page 572, Figures 29.16 and 29.17. Fully understand conjugation).

Lab Example: Paramecium, Vorticella (flower-like bell on a retractable stalk, a filter feeder); Stentor.

Remember: “Ciliophora” organisms have lots of “Cilia”