Phylum Apicomplexa:
1) Sporozoans
2) Nonmotile
3) Form spores (parasites)
4) Organelles, nucleus, etc. located at anterior of cell (apical complex)
5) Reproduction: sexual, asexual and alternation of generations
Lab Example: Plasmodium (4 species of this organism cause malaria) Vector: mosquito. 40% of the world’s population live where malaria is endemic. (pg. 570, Figure 29.13)
Molds:
Phylum Acrasiomycota:
1) Cellular slime molds
2) Fresh water, damp soil, rotting vegetation
3) Related to amoebas
4) Individual organisms initially, later in life cycle individuals aggregate and form a slug (pg. 577-578, Figure 29.31)
Phylum Myxomycota:
1) Plasmodial slime- known as “true” slime molds
2) Found on forest floor (they like shade)
3) Plasmodium (a structure): a brightly colored, nonwalled, multinucleated mass of cytoplasm.
-Engulfs and digests bacteria and yeast and other small, organic matter as they move along the forest floor.
-Members form a coenocytic (multinucleated) structure known as a plasmodium.
Lab Example: Physarum (cause mustard plant disease) commonly known as devil droppings and clubroot. Have asexual spores called swarm cells, plasmogomy.
Phylum Oomycota:
1) Oomycetes
2) Fresh or saltwater, soil.
3) Water molds, white rusts, downy mildews (on grapes, lettuce, corn, cabbage)
4) Parasites and saprophytic on fish, plants, and insects.
5) 2 unequal flagella
6) Motile spores- zoospore
7) Asexual and sexual reproduction, not alternation of generations (pg 578, Figure 29.30)
Sunday, September 26, 2010
Wednesday, September 8, 2010
Lab 25, part 4
Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden-Brown Algae):
-Diatoms: unicellular algae with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c; pigment: xanthophyll
-Photosynthetic
-Have a hard cell wall made of silicon-dioxide
-Pillbox and radial shapes
-Cell wall persists long after the organism dies, accumulate in layers of diatomaceous earth.
Lab Examples:
-Cyclotella:
Phylum Pyrrhophyta (Dinoflagellates):
-Unicellular
-Cellulose plates give them strange shapes, like armor
-Two flagella located in perpendicular grooves
-Cause red tide: Ptychodiscus bruvis. Blooms of algae that deplete oxygen and produce toxins that kill massive numbers of fish.
-Primary producers in oceans, second only to diatoms
-Heterotrophic or autotrophic, some are bioluminescent.
Lab Examples:
-Peridinium:
-Ceratium:
Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids):
-Unicellular, motile, have two flagella
-Unique in that some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic, some saprophytic, depending on environmental conditions.
-Chlorophylls a and b
-Distinctive because cell walls are made mostly of protein, which allows for flexibility
-Colored eyespot, for detection of light, near the base of the flagella
Lab Example:
-Euglena:
-Diatoms: unicellular algae with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c; pigment: xanthophyll
-Photosynthetic
-Have a hard cell wall made of silicon-dioxide
-Pillbox and radial shapes
-Cell wall persists long after the organism dies, accumulate in layers of diatomaceous earth.
Lab Examples:
-Cyclotella:
Phylum Pyrrhophyta (Dinoflagellates):
-Unicellular
-Cellulose plates give them strange shapes, like armor
-Two flagella located in perpendicular grooves
-Cause red tide: Ptychodiscus bruvis. Blooms of algae that deplete oxygen and produce toxins that kill massive numbers of fish.
-Primary producers in oceans, second only to diatoms
-Heterotrophic or autotrophic, some are bioluminescent.
Lab Examples:
-Peridinium:
-Ceratium:
Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids):
-Unicellular, motile, have two flagella
-Unique in that some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic, some saprophytic, depending on environmental conditions.
-Chlorophylls a and b
-Distinctive because cell walls are made mostly of protein, which allows for flexibility
-Colored eyespot, for detection of light, near the base of the flagella
Lab Example:
-Euglena:
Lab 25, part 3
Phylum Streptophyta (Chara)
(Not in Lab Manual)
-Chara: Also known as stonewort, or brittlewort.
-They are the precursors to land plants, where land plants came from
-Secrete a calcium carbonate, white lime coating.
-Reproduces with oogonia and antheridia.
Lab Examples:
-Chara:
-Reproductive structures: Larger structure is oogonium and smaller is antheridium
(Not in Lab Manual)
-Chara: Also known as stonewort, or brittlewort.
-They are the precursors to land plants, where land plants came from
-Secrete a calcium carbonate, white lime coating.
-Reproduces with oogonia and antheridia.
Lab Examples:
-Chara:
-Reproductive structures: Larger structure is oogonium and smaller is antheridium
Lab 25, part 2
Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae):
-Largest of the algae, usually more complex (no unicellular or colonial types).
-Brown pigment: fucoxanthin
-Important food crop, especially Laminaria, kelp sold as "kombu"
-Brown algae produce alginic acid (hydrophilic; absorbs lots of water), commercially used as an emulsifier
Lab Examples:
-Chondrus crispus
-Corraline:
-Fucus: commonly known as rockweed, outer surface covered in a gelatinous sheath to suit to its environment of pounding ocean waves. Has a blade that resembles a plant leaf, a stipe that resembles a stem, and a holdfast that resembles a root. Has reproductive structures called conceptacles that contain oogonia (female) and antheridia (male) reproductive cells.
-Laminaria (kelp):
Macrocystis:
Nereocystis:
Sargassum:
Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae):
-Red pigment from phycobilins in their plastids
-Thallus of a red alga can be attached, free floating, filamentous, or parenchymatous (fleshy)
-Common red alga extract: agar, extracted from seaweeds such as Gracilaria.
Lab Examples:
-Agardhiella:
-Gracilaria:
-Polysiphonia:
Porphyra:
-Largest of the algae, usually more complex (no unicellular or colonial types).
-Brown pigment: fucoxanthin
-Important food crop, especially Laminaria, kelp sold as "kombu"
-Brown algae produce alginic acid (hydrophilic; absorbs lots of water), commercially used as an emulsifier
Lab Examples:
-Chondrus crispus
-Corraline:
-Fucus: commonly known as rockweed, outer surface covered in a gelatinous sheath to suit to its environment of pounding ocean waves. Has a blade that resembles a plant leaf, a stipe that resembles a stem, and a holdfast that resembles a root. Has reproductive structures called conceptacles that contain oogonia (female) and antheridia (male) reproductive cells.
-Laminaria (kelp):
Macrocystis:
Nereocystis:
Sargassum:
Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae):
-Red pigment from phycobilins in their plastids
-Thallus of a red alga can be attached, free floating, filamentous, or parenchymatous (fleshy)
-Common red alga extract: agar, extracted from seaweeds such as Gracilaria.
Lab Examples:
-Agardhiella:
-Gracilaria:
-Polysiphonia:
Porphyra:
Lab 25, part 1
Protista (The Algae)
-First of the four kingdoms of domain Eukarya, the oldest and most diverse kingdom in this domain. Usually divided into three general groups: algae, protozoans, and slime molds.
-Algae is a main oxygen producer and food source.
-Photosynthetic.
-Major groups of algae distinguished by their pigments: substances that absorb light. 4 types:
-Red algae
-Green algae
-Brown algae
-Golden-brown algae.
Cellular Organization, 3 types:
-Unicellular: single cells
-Filamentous: chains of cells
-Colonial: groups of cells attached in a non-chain like way
-A few are multicellular
Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae):
-contain chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b
Lab Examples:
-Chlamydomonas: motile, unicellular, found in soil, lakes and ditches. Has a stigma, which is a reddish colored spot, that absorbs light. Its movement is jerky due to the flagella.
-Chlamydomonas reproduces via alternation of generations. More on this later.
-Spirogyra: filamentous, found in fresh water, has a slippery texture. Reproduces via conjugation. More on this later.
-Cladophora: branched, filamentous, also found in fresh water. Has a coarser texture than Spirogyra. Reproduces via alternation of generations.
-Volvox: colonial, many small, round cells bound in a spherical matrix. Some cells specialize and can make sperm and eggs. Reproduces via oogamy. Motile sperm swim to and merge with the large, non-motile eggs to form a diploid zygote. During asexual reproduction, some cells of Volvox bulge inward and produce colonies called daughter colonies that are contained within the parent colony.
-First of the four kingdoms of domain Eukarya, the oldest and most diverse kingdom in this domain. Usually divided into three general groups: algae, protozoans, and slime molds.
-Algae is a main oxygen producer and food source.
-Photosynthetic.
-Major groups of algae distinguished by their pigments: substances that absorb light. 4 types:
-Red algae
-Green algae
-Brown algae
-Golden-brown algae.
Cellular Organization, 3 types:
-Unicellular: single cells
-Filamentous: chains of cells
-Colonial: groups of cells attached in a non-chain like way
-A few are multicellular
Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae):
-contain chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b
Lab Examples:
-Chlamydomonas: motile, unicellular, found in soil, lakes and ditches. Has a stigma, which is a reddish colored spot, that absorbs light. Its movement is jerky due to the flagella.
-Chlamydomonas reproduces via alternation of generations. More on this later.
-Spirogyra: filamentous, found in fresh water, has a slippery texture. Reproduces via conjugation. More on this later.
-Cladophora: branched, filamentous, also found in fresh water. Has a coarser texture than Spirogyra. Reproduces via alternation of generations.
-Volvox: colonial, many small, round cells bound in a spherical matrix. Some cells specialize and can make sperm and eggs. Reproduces via oogamy. Motile sperm swim to and merge with the large, non-motile eggs to form a diploid zygote. During asexual reproduction, some cells of Volvox bulge inward and produce colonies called daughter colonies that are contained within the parent colony.
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