32 Kingdom Plantae
-Viridiplantae = green plants including the green algae
-Multicellular
-Eukaryotic
-Cellulose-rich cell walls
-Carbohydrate food reserve is starch
-Phyla based on lifecycles
-Most plants are terrestrial
Evolutionary Origin of Land Plants
-Evolved from freshwater, green algae (Streptophyta)
Characteristics We See In Land Plants
-Protective cuticle
-protects from water loss
-formed of cutin
-Absent in many bryophytes
-Stoma (pores)
-found in leaves and portion of stems
-function: to permit gas exchange
-Mycorrhizae
Plant Life Cycles
-Alternation of generations
-All plants exhibit alternation of generations
Generalized Life Cycle
-Start with syngamy, which is fertilization or sexual reproduction
-Zygote (2N)
-Sporangia
-Spore Mother cell
-Meiosis where tetrad of spores produce the gametangia which produce gametophyte (1N) which goes through mitosis which produce the antheridia (1N sperm) and archegonia (1N egg)
-Back to syngamy
Evolution In Reproduction
-Reduction in the gametophyte
-Loss of multicellular gametangia (sex organs)
-Increasing specialization for life on land
-Nonvascular plants, to ferns - seedless, to gymnosperms - naked seed, to anthophyta - flowering plants with enclosed seeds
Differences between Vascular and Nonvascular
-Nonvascular lacking vascular tissue
-Nonvascular having smaller sporophyte that are dependent on the gametophyte for food
-Vascular plants, what you see is the sporophyte stage- trees, leaves of the fern, etc. It is dominant.
-Nonvascular plants, when you see the plant, what you see is the gametophyte stage - green part of moss. It is the most apparent, or conspicuous.
-Vascular plants have true roots, stems, and leaves
Nonvascular Plants
-Common among nonvascular plants
-All called bryophytes
-Common names are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
-Most primitive of the terrestrial plants
-Found in moist places
-Require water external of plant to reproduce sexually
-Rhizoid - slender, usually colorless projections of one or a few cells
-Function is to anchor bryophytes to substrate
Nonvascular Phyla
Phylum Bryophyta
-Mosses
-Largest phylum of nonvascular plants
-Gametophytes are almost always leafy with small, simple leaves that are tufted or creeping
-Most abundant plants in Arctic and Antarctic
-Sensitive to air pollution (same as lichen)
-The sporophyte are yellowish or brownish at maturity
-Having a sporangium or capsule which is first covered with the operculum (lid that covers the spores), then the hooded calyptra at the tip; this is stalked (called seta)
-Protonema - First thread-like, germinating spores
-Examples:
-Peat Moss, used for fuel and soil conditioner
-Sphagnum - moss used in potted plants for water retention
-Mnium - prepared slides in lab
-Unusual mosses
-Copper mosses - only grow in the vicinity of copper and serves as an indicator plant for copper deposits
-Luminous moss - glows with a golden green light -- found in caves along or under the roots of trees
-Irish moss - really an edible algae, grows along northern sea coasts
-Reindeer moss - is really a lichen
-Club moss - really a vascular plant
-Spanish moss - really a flowering plant from pineapple family
Phylum Hepaticophyta
-Liverworts (liver herbs)
-The body (thallus) of the plant with it’s lobes is shaped like a liver
-Only 1/5th of this phylum is shaped as such
-The rest look like mosses
-Gametophyte of liverwort is very diverse
-Sporophyte is usually contained in the gametophyte until it releases spores
-Lab Example: Marchantia - also reproduces asexually by gemmae cups
Phylum Anthocertophyta
-Hornworts
-Smallest group of nonvascular plants (100 species)
-Gametophytes are similar to Marchantia - star-shaped, mostly creeping
-Sporophytes are elongated capsules that stand up from the surface of creeping gametophyte
-Looks like a horn
-Have stomata, are photosynthetic
-Believed this might be the link between nonvascular and vascular plants
-All nonvascular plants’ gametophytes are photosynthetic
-Hornworts are the only nonvascular plant whose sporophytes are photosynthetic
-The are embedded in the gametophyte tissue
Lab Example: Anthoceros
Vascular Phyla
-All vascular plants are homosporous or heterosporous.
Early Vascular Plants
-Homosporous - Produce only one kind of spore
Later Vascular Plants
-Heterosporous - Plants with two morphologically different spores
General Characteristics -
-Sporophyte is large and dominant and nutritionally independent
-Has conducting tissues (vascular system)
-Has specialized leaves, stems, and roots
-Cuticle and Stomata always present
Types of Growth in Vascular Plants
-Primary Growth - results from cell division at the tips of the stems and roots increase in length
-Secondary Growth - results from cell division that takes place in regions around the plant’s periphery -- increase in diameter
Two Types of Conducting Elements-
-Sieve-tube elements - soft-walled cells
-Conduct carbohydrates from areas where they are manufactured in the plant
-These make up the Phloem
-Vessel Members and Tracheids - Hard-walled cells
-Transport water and minerals up from the root
-These make up the Xylem
Vascular Plants are Divided into Seeded and Seedless.
Seedless Vascular Plants-
-All of these plants are from ancient forms
Phylum Pterophyta
-Ferns, Whisk Ferns, Horsetails
-Ferns:
-Most abundant of the seedless plants - over 12,000 species
-Size ranges from ¼” to over 78’ tall
-Most are homosporous
-Some aquatic ferns are heterosporous
-Motile sperm
-Root: is a Rhizome -- a root like subterranean stem, commonly horizontal in position, that produces roots(rhizoid) below and sends up shoots to the upper surface
-Leaves: Fronds
-Sori - Sporangia on back of fronds
-Stalked
-Look like little dots
-Some have a protective covering - indusium (shield-shaped)
-Lab Examples: A common fern with Sori
-Salvina (aquatic fern)
-Value of Ferns -
-Used as ornamental plants
-Used in florist bouquets
-Building Material - tropical ferns - wood resists decay and termites
-Medicinal Value - used as an astringent during childbirth to stop bleeding
-Maidenhair fern is a source of an expectorant
-Whisk Ferns:
-Found in tropics and subtropics
-U.S.: Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Florida
-Homosporous
-Have Motile sperm
-No leaves
-No differentiation between root and stem
-Branched rhizome has rhizoids and a mycorrhizal fungus to help gather nutrients
-Sporangia locate at the ends of short branches
-Lab Example: Psilotum
Horsetails -
-Common name: Scouring rush
-Ribbed epidermal cells have silica deposits
-Homosporous and herbaceous(no woody material)
-Stems are ribbed, jointed, and photosynthetic
-Has underground rhizomes with roots and nodes
-Sporophytes are called strobili - cone-shaped
-Found on beach or edge of swamp
-Lab Example: Equisetum
Phylum Lycophyta
-Club mosses or quillworts
-Used to be the “tree” plants during the carboniferous era
-Now up to 1 foot high
-Common in moist woodlands of temperate zones - known as ground pines
-Tightly packed, scale-like leaves cover stem and branches
-Leaves are microphylls; have only one strand of vascular tissue
-Homosporous or heterosporous
-Examples in Lab: Lycopodium(homosporous)--some species on endangered list; Selaginella(heterosporous)--resurrection plant
Other representatives of selaginella are small-leafed ground covers.
Seeded Vascular Plants
Functions of the Seed
-For dispersal
-Protects developing sporophyte (embryo)
-Provides food storage
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms -
-Most later vascular plants are heterosporous
Gymnosperms-naked seeds
-Have ovules (fruit) that are not completely enclosed
-The seed contains the embryo, stored food, and a partial seed coat
-Four Phyla
Phylum Cycadophyta
-Cycads (Sago Palm)
-Heterosporous
-Sperm are flagellated and motile
-Palm-like pants
-Tropical and subtropical evergreens
-First appeared in Permian period 270-280 million years ago
-Most primitive of the living seed-bearing plants
-In many ways, resemble the ferns
-Mistaken for palms
-Only 10 Genera, 100 species
-Some are found in very restricted areas
-Many Cycads bear poisonous nut-like seeds
-Lab Example: The florist’s Sago Palm, not a true palm Zamia
-Grown as ornamentals in warm regions and in greenhouses
Monday, October 4, 2010
Sunday, September 26, 2010
Chapter 31: Fungi
Kingdom Fungi:
-Mycology: study of fungi
1) One of Earth’s obscure lifeforms
- One spanning 86 acres, mostly underground, the Honey Mushroom (Armillaria ostoyae)
- One spanning 2000 acres in Oregon, another Honey Mushroom Honey Mushroom (Armillaria mellea)
-Resemble plants, but lack chloroplasts, so they don’t photosynthesize
-Are not animal, nor do they resemble bacteria or protozoa.
2) Microscopic in size to very large (mushrooms, mildew, molds and morels). Parasitic and saprophytic, major world decomposers.
Characteristics of Fungi:
A) General:
1) Major Decomposers along with bacteria
2) Can cause plant disease, accounting for millions of dollars in crop losses each year.
3) Can cause human diseases such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, and yeast infections (most yeasts filamentous)
B) Nutrition:
-Heterotrophic
-External Digestion: excrete enzymes which break down or “digest” food which is then absorbed by fungi.
1) Extensive network of hyphae provides an enormous surface area for absorption.
2) Animals are heterotrophic by digestion, fungi are heterotrophic by absorption.
-Most fungi are saprotrophic decomposers: break down waste products and dead remains of plants and animals.
-Some are parasitic: they live off the tissues of living plants and animals. (page 606, Figure 31.5)
C) Structure:
-Some are unicellular, such as yeast (not common).
-Most are multicellular eukaryotes.
1) Body (thallus) is a multicellular structure known as the mycelium.
2) A mycelium is a network of filaments called hyphae (page 605, Figure 31.3)
3) Hyphae (plural) Hypha (singular)- slender filaments
-Some have septa- crosswalls that divide the hyphae into cells.
-Septa only form a complete barrier when separating reproductive cells.
-Otherwise, the organism is multi-nucleated with cytoplasm flowing throughout the hyphae.
4) Types of hyphae:
-Heterokayotic: 2 genetically distinct nuclei in the same hyphae.
-Homokaryotic: hyphae with nuclei genetically the same
(Next two types used when discussing reproductive hyphae)
-Dikaryotic: 2 genetically distinct nuclei in the same cell
-Monokaryotic: one nucleus in each cell.
-Coenocytic: aseptate hyphae (no septa- no division between cells- like plasmodium, the "true" slime mold)
-Haustoria: specialized hyphae found in parasitic fungi that penetrates and absorbs nutrients directly from the cells of the host.
5) Cell walls consist of polysaccharides, including chitin, the same substance found in the outer structure of insects and crustaceans.
D) Reproduction:
-Asexual reproduction: involves spores or fragmentation of mycelium
-Sexual reproduction: can occur several ways:
1) Fusion of gametes released from gametangia (only in Ascomycota)
2) Penetration of gametes (or gamete) into the gametangium (only in Basidiomycota).
3) Fusion of gametangia (Zygomycota).
-Both sexual and asexual reproduction produce spores, ensuring dispersal of the species. All spores nonmotile.
E) Four Phyla of Fungi: Classification based on the features related to sexual reproduction.
1) Phylum Chytridiomycota:
-Chytrids (common name)
-Oldest fossil fungi, are the sister phylum to the remaining fungal phyla, found in northern Russia
-Predominantly aquatic
-Only fungus that has flagellated gametes
-The closest relative to fungi in the Kingdom Protista also have flagella.
-One species has been tied to the decline in frog populations worldwide (once classifies as a protist), parasitic.
Lab Example: Allomyces.
2) Phylum Zygomycota:
-Commonly known as zygomycetes
-Approximately 1050 species (small phylum).
-Saprotrophs, living off plant and animal remains in the soil or bakery goods.
-Hyphae are multinucleate, lack septa (except where involved with reproduction).
Lab Example: Rhizopus stolonifer- black bread mold. Distinct characteristics: zygosporangium- results from fusion of gametangia. (page 608, Figure 31.7)
3) Phylum Ascomycota:
-Commonly known as ascomycetes, sac fungi.
-Examples:
a) yeast- unicellular oddity
b) morels- are not mushrooms
c) truffles
d) powdery mildews
-Plant pathogens: Ophiostoma ulmi is the organism that causes Dutch Elm Disease (The organism that causes Chestnut Blight is in this phylum also).
-Distinct characteristics:
a) Formation of conidia- structure (spores) formed during asexual reproduction
b) Formation of ascus- sac-like structure where the zygote is formed, sexual reproduction (pages 610-611, Figure 31.9)
-Yeast: most reproduce asexually via cell fission or budding
a) Most economically useful fungus
b) Used for baking/beer (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)/ wine
c) Are eukaryotic cell of choice for genetic and biomedical research (rapid generation time).
d) Yeast infections: candida, thrush
4) Phylum Basidiomycota
-Known as basidiomycetes, club fungi
-Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, jelly fungi, and shelf fungi.
-Plant pathogens: rusts and smuts (rusts are brightly colored and smuts look like a black smudge)
-Distinct characteristics:
a) Sexual reproductive structure: basidium, which is a club-shaped spore and is located under the cap of the mushroom or in the tubes at the base of pores in shelf fungi.
-Examples:
a) Birds nest fungi's basidiospore is dispersed by raindrops
b) Stinkhorn- Phallus impudicus, emits a disagreeable odor which attracts files who unintentionally pick up spores and distribute them.
c) Smuts and rusts are club fungi that parasitize cereal crops.
-Rusts often require two different host plants to complete their life cycle; such as apple and juniper.
-Example: Black stem rust of wheat, requires barberry bushes. Blister rust of white pine and black currant.
-Other interesting mushrooms:
a) Agaricus capestris: field mushroom; commercially grown species.
b) Amanita phalloides: destroying, death angel (10-12 hours after consumption = death)
c) Psilocybe mexicanna: used by Mexican Indians for religious ceremonies (contains psilocybin, which is structurally like LSD or mescaline)
d) Claviceps purpurea: ergot fungus, infects rye. Alkaloids from this fungus are used in medicine to cause uterine contraction and to treat circulatory disorders such as migraine headaches. Causes ergotism which is thought to be the cause of the frenzy surrounding the Salem witch trials (lysergic acid)
E) Fungal Associations:
1) Lichens:
-A symbiotic association between fungus (mostly ascomycetes) and a photosynthetic partner (cyanobacteria, green algae, or both).
3 Types:
a) Crustose: compact, found on bare rocks or tree bark
b) Foliose: leaf-like
c) Fruticose: shrub-like (stalked)
-Lichen are indicators of air pollution
Lab Examples: Assorted specimens, slides of Physcis
2) Mycorrhizae
-Greek: Mykes = fungus, Rhizion = root
-Symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots, in about 90% of plants.
-Gives greater absorptive surface for intake of minerals and water
a) replace and perform the same function as root hairs.
b) Important because it helps create larger crops
-2 Types:
a) Endomycorrhizae: (arbuscular mycorrhizae) The fungus is usually a zygomycete. Hyphae penetrate the plant's roots (roughly 200,000 associations of this kind)
b) Ectomycorrhizae: Do not penetrate plant root cells, usually a basidiomycetes.
Example: Truffle- mycorrhizal fungus living in association with oak and beech tree roots. (ascomycete)
(page 616, Figure 31.16)
-Mycology: study of fungi
1) One of Earth’s obscure lifeforms
- One spanning 86 acres, mostly underground, the Honey Mushroom (Armillaria ostoyae)
- One spanning 2000 acres in Oregon, another Honey Mushroom Honey Mushroom (Armillaria mellea)
-Resemble plants, but lack chloroplasts, so they don’t photosynthesize
-Are not animal, nor do they resemble bacteria or protozoa.
2) Microscopic in size to very large (mushrooms, mildew, molds and morels). Parasitic and saprophytic, major world decomposers.
Characteristics of Fungi:
A) General:
1) Major Decomposers along with bacteria
2) Can cause plant disease, accounting for millions of dollars in crop losses each year.
3) Can cause human diseases such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, and yeast infections (most yeasts filamentous)
B) Nutrition:
-Heterotrophic
-External Digestion: excrete enzymes which break down or “digest” food which is then absorbed by fungi.
1) Extensive network of hyphae provides an enormous surface area for absorption.
2) Animals are heterotrophic by digestion, fungi are heterotrophic by absorption.
-Most fungi are saprotrophic decomposers: break down waste products and dead remains of plants and animals.
-Some are parasitic: they live off the tissues of living plants and animals. (page 606, Figure 31.5)
C) Structure:
-Some are unicellular, such as yeast (not common).
-Most are multicellular eukaryotes.
1) Body (thallus) is a multicellular structure known as the mycelium.
2) A mycelium is a network of filaments called hyphae (page 605, Figure 31.3)
3) Hyphae (plural) Hypha (singular)- slender filaments
-Some have septa- crosswalls that divide the hyphae into cells.
-Septa only form a complete barrier when separating reproductive cells.
-Otherwise, the organism is multi-nucleated with cytoplasm flowing throughout the hyphae.
4) Types of hyphae:
-Heterokayotic: 2 genetically distinct nuclei in the same hyphae.
-Homokaryotic: hyphae with nuclei genetically the same
(Next two types used when discussing reproductive hyphae)
-Dikaryotic: 2 genetically distinct nuclei in the same cell
-Monokaryotic: one nucleus in each cell.
-Coenocytic: aseptate hyphae (no septa- no division between cells- like plasmodium, the "true" slime mold)
-Haustoria: specialized hyphae found in parasitic fungi that penetrates and absorbs nutrients directly from the cells of the host.
5) Cell walls consist of polysaccharides, including chitin, the same substance found in the outer structure of insects and crustaceans.
D) Reproduction:
-Asexual reproduction: involves spores or fragmentation of mycelium
-Sexual reproduction: can occur several ways:
1) Fusion of gametes released from gametangia (only in Ascomycota)
2) Penetration of gametes (or gamete) into the gametangium (only in Basidiomycota).
3) Fusion of gametangia (Zygomycota).
-Both sexual and asexual reproduction produce spores, ensuring dispersal of the species. All spores nonmotile.
E) Four Phyla of Fungi: Classification based on the features related to sexual reproduction.
1) Phylum Chytridiomycota:
-Chytrids (common name)
-Oldest fossil fungi, are the sister phylum to the remaining fungal phyla, found in northern Russia
-Predominantly aquatic
-Only fungus that has flagellated gametes
-The closest relative to fungi in the Kingdom Protista also have flagella.
-One species has been tied to the decline in frog populations worldwide (once classifies as a protist), parasitic.
Lab Example: Allomyces.
2) Phylum Zygomycota:
-Commonly known as zygomycetes
-Approximately 1050 species (small phylum).
-Saprotrophs, living off plant and animal remains in the soil or bakery goods.
-Hyphae are multinucleate, lack septa (except where involved with reproduction).
Lab Example: Rhizopus stolonifer- black bread mold. Distinct characteristics: zygosporangium- results from fusion of gametangia. (page 608, Figure 31.7)
3) Phylum Ascomycota:
-Commonly known as ascomycetes, sac fungi.
-Examples:
a) yeast- unicellular oddity
b) morels- are not mushrooms
c) truffles
d) powdery mildews
-Plant pathogens: Ophiostoma ulmi is the organism that causes Dutch Elm Disease (The organism that causes Chestnut Blight is in this phylum also).
-Distinct characteristics:
a) Formation of conidia- structure (spores) formed during asexual reproduction
b) Formation of ascus- sac-like structure where the zygote is formed, sexual reproduction (pages 610-611, Figure 31.9)
-Yeast: most reproduce asexually via cell fission or budding
a) Most economically useful fungus
b) Used for baking/beer (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)/ wine
c) Are eukaryotic cell of choice for genetic and biomedical research (rapid generation time).
d) Yeast infections: candida, thrush
4) Phylum Basidiomycota
-Known as basidiomycetes, club fungi
-Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, jelly fungi, and shelf fungi.
-Plant pathogens: rusts and smuts (rusts are brightly colored and smuts look like a black smudge)
-Distinct characteristics:
a) Sexual reproductive structure: basidium, which is a club-shaped spore and is located under the cap of the mushroom or in the tubes at the base of pores in shelf fungi.
-Examples:
a) Birds nest fungi's basidiospore is dispersed by raindrops
b) Stinkhorn- Phallus impudicus, emits a disagreeable odor which attracts files who unintentionally pick up spores and distribute them.
c) Smuts and rusts are club fungi that parasitize cereal crops.
-Rusts often require two different host plants to complete their life cycle; such as apple and juniper.
-Example: Black stem rust of wheat, requires barberry bushes. Blister rust of white pine and black currant.
-Other interesting mushrooms:
a) Agaricus capestris: field mushroom; commercially grown species.
b) Amanita phalloides: destroying, death angel (10-12 hours after consumption = death)
c) Psilocybe mexicanna: used by Mexican Indians for religious ceremonies (contains psilocybin, which is structurally like LSD or mescaline)
d) Claviceps purpurea: ergot fungus, infects rye. Alkaloids from this fungus are used in medicine to cause uterine contraction and to treat circulatory disorders such as migraine headaches. Causes ergotism which is thought to be the cause of the frenzy surrounding the Salem witch trials (lysergic acid)
E) Fungal Associations:
1) Lichens:
-A symbiotic association between fungus (mostly ascomycetes) and a photosynthetic partner (cyanobacteria, green algae, or both).
3 Types:
a) Crustose: compact, found on bare rocks or tree bark
b) Foliose: leaf-like
c) Fruticose: shrub-like (stalked)
-Lichen are indicators of air pollution
Lab Examples: Assorted specimens, slides of Physcis
2) Mycorrhizae
-Greek: Mykes = fungus, Rhizion = root
-Symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots, in about 90% of plants.
-Gives greater absorptive surface for intake of minerals and water
a) replace and perform the same function as root hairs.
b) Important because it helps create larger crops
-2 Types:
a) Endomycorrhizae: (arbuscular mycorrhizae) The fungus is usually a zygomycete. Hyphae penetrate the plant's roots (roughly 200,000 associations of this kind)
b) Ectomycorrhizae: Do not penetrate plant root cells, usually a basidiomycetes.
Example: Truffle- mycorrhizal fungus living in association with oak and beech tree roots. (ascomycete)
(page 616, Figure 31.16)
End of Protista:
Phylum Apicomplexa:
1) Sporozoans
2) Nonmotile
3) Form spores (parasites)
4) Organelles, nucleus, etc. located at anterior of cell (apical complex)
5) Reproduction: sexual, asexual and alternation of generations
Lab Example: Plasmodium (4 species of this organism cause malaria) Vector: mosquito. 40% of the world’s population live where malaria is endemic. (pg. 570, Figure 29.13)
Molds:
Phylum Acrasiomycota:
1) Cellular slime molds
2) Fresh water, damp soil, rotting vegetation
3) Related to amoebas
4) Individual organisms initially, later in life cycle individuals aggregate and form a slug (pg. 577-578, Figure 29.31)
Phylum Myxomycota:
1) Plasmodial slime- known as “true” slime molds
2) Found on forest floor (they like shade)
3) Plasmodium (a structure): a brightly colored, nonwalled, multinucleated mass of cytoplasm.
-Engulfs and digests bacteria and yeast and other small, organic matter as they move along the forest floor.
-Members form a coenocytic (multinucleated) structure known as a plasmodium.
Lab Example: Physarum (cause mustard plant disease) commonly known as devil droppings and clubroot. Have asexual spores called swarm cells, plasmogomy.
Phylum Oomycota:
1) Oomycetes
2) Fresh or saltwater, soil.
3) Water molds, white rusts, downy mildews (on grapes, lettuce, corn, cabbage)
4) Parasites and saprophytic on fish, plants, and insects.
5) 2 unequal flagella
6) Motile spores- zoospore
7) Asexual and sexual reproduction, not alternation of generations (pg 578, Figure 29.30)
1) Sporozoans
2) Nonmotile
3) Form spores (parasites)
4) Organelles, nucleus, etc. located at anterior of cell (apical complex)
5) Reproduction: sexual, asexual and alternation of generations
Lab Example: Plasmodium (4 species of this organism cause malaria) Vector: mosquito. 40% of the world’s population live where malaria is endemic. (pg. 570, Figure 29.13)
Molds:
Phylum Acrasiomycota:
1) Cellular slime molds
2) Fresh water, damp soil, rotting vegetation
3) Related to amoebas
4) Individual organisms initially, later in life cycle individuals aggregate and form a slug (pg. 577-578, Figure 29.31)
Phylum Myxomycota:
1) Plasmodial slime- known as “true” slime molds
2) Found on forest floor (they like shade)
3) Plasmodium (a structure): a brightly colored, nonwalled, multinucleated mass of cytoplasm.
-Engulfs and digests bacteria and yeast and other small, organic matter as they move along the forest floor.
-Members form a coenocytic (multinucleated) structure known as a plasmodium.
Lab Example: Physarum (cause mustard plant disease) commonly known as devil droppings and clubroot. Have asexual spores called swarm cells, plasmogomy.
Phylum Oomycota:
1) Oomycetes
2) Fresh or saltwater, soil.
3) Water molds, white rusts, downy mildews (on grapes, lettuce, corn, cabbage)
4) Parasites and saprophytic on fish, plants, and insects.
5) 2 unequal flagella
6) Motile spores- zoospore
7) Asexual and sexual reproduction, not alternation of generations (pg 578, Figure 29.30)
Wednesday, September 8, 2010
Lab 25, part 4
Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden-Brown Algae):
-Diatoms: unicellular algae with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c; pigment: xanthophyll
-Photosynthetic
-Have a hard cell wall made of silicon-dioxide
-Pillbox and radial shapes
-Cell wall persists long after the organism dies, accumulate in layers of diatomaceous earth.
Lab Examples:
-Cyclotella:
Phylum Pyrrhophyta (Dinoflagellates):
-Unicellular
-Cellulose plates give them strange shapes, like armor
-Two flagella located in perpendicular grooves
-Cause red tide: Ptychodiscus bruvis. Blooms of algae that deplete oxygen and produce toxins that kill massive numbers of fish.
-Primary producers in oceans, second only to diatoms
-Heterotrophic or autotrophic, some are bioluminescent.
Lab Examples:
-Peridinium:
-Ceratium:
Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids):
-Unicellular, motile, have two flagella
-Unique in that some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic, some saprophytic, depending on environmental conditions.
-Chlorophylls a and b
-Distinctive because cell walls are made mostly of protein, which allows for flexibility
-Colored eyespot, for detection of light, near the base of the flagella
Lab Example:
-Euglena:
-Diatoms: unicellular algae with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c; pigment: xanthophyll
-Photosynthetic
-Have a hard cell wall made of silicon-dioxide
-Pillbox and radial shapes
-Cell wall persists long after the organism dies, accumulate in layers of diatomaceous earth.
Lab Examples:
-Cyclotella:
Phylum Pyrrhophyta (Dinoflagellates):
-Unicellular
-Cellulose plates give them strange shapes, like armor
-Two flagella located in perpendicular grooves
-Cause red tide: Ptychodiscus bruvis. Blooms of algae that deplete oxygen and produce toxins that kill massive numbers of fish.
-Primary producers in oceans, second only to diatoms
-Heterotrophic or autotrophic, some are bioluminescent.
Lab Examples:
-Peridinium:
-Ceratium:
Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids):
-Unicellular, motile, have two flagella
-Unique in that some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic, some saprophytic, depending on environmental conditions.
-Chlorophylls a and b
-Distinctive because cell walls are made mostly of protein, which allows for flexibility
-Colored eyespot, for detection of light, near the base of the flagella
Lab Example:
-Euglena:
Lab 25, part 3
Phylum Streptophyta (Chara)
(Not in Lab Manual)
-Chara: Also known as stonewort, or brittlewort.
-They are the precursors to land plants, where land plants came from
-Secrete a calcium carbonate, white lime coating.
-Reproduces with oogonia and antheridia.
Lab Examples:
-Chara:
-Reproductive structures: Larger structure is oogonium and smaller is antheridium
(Not in Lab Manual)
-Chara: Also known as stonewort, or brittlewort.
-They are the precursors to land plants, where land plants came from
-Secrete a calcium carbonate, white lime coating.
-Reproduces with oogonia and antheridia.
Lab Examples:
-Chara:
-Reproductive structures: Larger structure is oogonium and smaller is antheridium
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